Acetaminophen, the world’s most widely used pain reliever and a staple in over 600 medications in the U.S., may do more than dull headaches. Research suggests it could subtly influence how we assess risk.
A 2020 study led by neuroscientist Baldwin Way at The Ohio State University found that people who took a standard 1,000 mg dose of acetaminophen displayed more risk-taking behavior compared to those given a placebo. “Acetaminophen seems to make people feel less negative emotion when they consider risky activities—they just don’t feel as scared,” Way explained. With nearly 25% of Americans taking the drug weekly, that effect could ripple across society.
In the study, over 500 participants completed a “balloon test” on a computer, earning imaginary money for each pump without popping the balloon. Those on acetaminophen pumped—and popped—more balloons than the control group. Surveys on hypothetical scenarios like bungee jumping or betting a day’s wages revealed a similar pattern: some users perceived less risk when on the medication.
Researchers believe the drug’s calming effect on pain might extend to dampening anxiety, which could explain the willingness to take bigger chances. “As the balloon gets larger, those on acetaminophen may simply feel less fear about it bursting,” Way noted.
While the findings are preliminary, they add to evidence that acetaminophen may influence emotions and decision-making, potentially lowering empathy and blunting cognitive reactions. Scientists emphasize that further research is necessary to confirm the link and elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms.
Despite these questions, acetaminophen remains one of the most trusted and essential medicines worldwide, recognized by the World Health Organization. Still, the study raises an intriguing point: the pill we reach for to ease physical pain might also be quietly shaping the choices we make.
